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Credit Terms and the Cost of Credit
Overview of Credit Terms
It is fairly common for companies to offer early payment terms to their customers in order to accelerate the flow of inbound cash. This is especially common for cash-strapped businesses, or those that have no backup line of credit to absorb any short-term cash shortfalls.
The credit terms offered to customers for early payment need to be sufficiently lucrative for them to want to pay early, but not so lucrative that the company is effectively paying an inordinately high interest rate for the use of the money that it is receiving early.
The term structure used for credit terms is to first state the number of days you are giving customers from the invoice date in which to take advantage of the early payment credit terms. For example, if a customer is supposed to pay within 10 days without any discount, the terms are "net 10 days," whereas if the customer must pay within 10 days to qualify for a 2% discount, the terms are "2/10". To expand upon the last example, if the customer must pay within 10 days to obtain a 2% discount, or can make a normal payment in 30 days, then the terms are stated as "2/10 net 30".
The table below shows some of the more common credit terms, explains what they mean, and also notes the effective interest rate that you are offering customers with each one.
The Cost of Credit
You should be aware of the formula for determining the effective interest rate that you are offering customers through your early payment discount terms. The formula steps are:
- Calculate the difference between the payment date for those taking the early payment discount, and the date when payment is normally due, and divide it into 360 days. For example, under 2/10 net 30 terms, you would divide 20 days into 360, to arrive at 18. You use this number to annualize the interest rate calculated in the next step.
- Subtract the discount percentage from 100% and divide the result into the discount percentage. For example, under 2/10 net 30 terms, you would divide 2% by 98% to arrive at 0.0204. This is the interest rate being offered through the credit terms.
- Multiply the result of both calculations together to obtain the annualized interest rate. To conclude the example, you would multiply 18 by 0.0204 to arrive at an effective annualized interest rate of 36.72%.
Thus, the full calculation for the cost of credit is:
Discount %/(1-Discount %) x (360/(Full allowed payment days - Discount days))
Credit Terms Table
The following table contains a number of standard payment terms, what they mean, and the effective annual interest rate that you are offering (if any).
| Credit Terms |
Explanation |
Effective Interest |
| Net 10 | Pay in 10 days | None |
| Net 30 | Pay in 30 days | None |
| Net EOM 10 | Pay within 10 days of month-end | None |
| 1/10 Net 30 | Take 1% discount if pay in 10 days, otherwise pay in 30 days | 18.2% |
| 2/10 Net 30 | Take 2% discount if pay in 10 days, otherwise pay in 30 days | 36.7% |
| 1/10 Net 60 | Take 1% discount if pay in 10 days, otherwise pay in 60 days | 7.3% |
| 2/10 Net 60 | Take 2% discount if pay in 10 days, otherwise pay in 60 days | 14.7% |
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